<o tpLiyg; Nghuhl;lKk;> Clfj;Jiw ju;kKk;

(rhfud;)

ntF[d Clfq;fs; xU r%fg; gpuQ;iQAld; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; rupahd jpir topNa gazpg;gjw;F Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghL Kf;fpakhdNjhh; ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;f KbAk;. xU r%f khw;wj;jpw;F> r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F> r%f tpopg;gpw;F ‘tpj;jplypy; Muk;gpj;J mJ G+j;Jf; FYq;fp fha; fdpahfp’ KOik ngWtjw;F Clfq;fs; ngUk; gq;fspg;ig Mw;w KbAk;. vdNt Clfthsh;fs; kpfTk; nghWg;G tha;e;;jtu;fshf> cz;ikahdtu;fshf nraw;gl Kay Ntz;Lk;. Clfj;Jiw r%fj;jpd; mwpT tsh;r;rpapd;> rpe;jid tsh;r;rpapd; KJnfYk;ghf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU r%fj;jpd; Clfthsh;fspd; gpioahd nraw;ghLfs; jdpegu;fis kl;Lky;y me;j r%fj;ijNa Vd; mth;fspd; Njrj;ijNa eLj;njUTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;JtpLk;;;. ,JNt mz;ikapy; ehk; ,yq;ifapy; fz;l tuyhw;W cz;ik.

<o tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Njhy;tpf;Fk;> jkpo; kf;fspd; ,d;iwa rPuopT epiyikfSf;Fk; ,yq;ifj; jkpou;fshy; cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehLfspYk; elhj;jg;gLk; Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSk; kpf Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j Clfq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit Gypfshy; NeubahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth my;yJ mtu;fspd; nr(h)y;thf;fpw;Nfh my;yJ KjyPl;Lf;Nfh cl;gl;litahfNt ,Ue;jd vd;gJ midtUk; mwpe;j xd;W. jkpo;r;r%fk; ,d;W nfhz;bUf;Fk; mty epiyf;F ,tu;fs; Fw;wthspf; $z;by; epWj;jg;gl Ntz;batu;fs;. ,yq;if xspgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; ‘yq;fhGtj;’ nra;j ifq;fupaq;fis ehk; epiwaNt N[Mu;> gpNukjhr fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; fz;Nlhk;. ,tu;fSk; md;W ntspapl;l nra;jpfs; ,yq;ifapy; md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; eilngw;w ,df;fytuq;fSf;Fk;> ,dg;gLnfhiyfSf;Fk;> ‘,dr; Rj;jpfupg;Gf;;Fk;’ ngUk; gq;fhw;wpd. ,jw;F ve;j tifapYk; risf;fhkNy Gypr; rhu;G Clfq;fs; fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,Ue;J nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. muR rhu;G Clfq;fSk;> Vd; Vida ,dthj murpaiy jkJ tho;thf nfhs;Sk; fl;rpfspd; Clfq;fs;; ,J Nghd;w kf;fs; tpNuhj nraw;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

,tw;wpw;F eLNt rupahd epiyg;ghl;il vLj;J Kbe;jstpw;F cz;ikahd nra;jpfis> tplaq;fis ntspf; nfhzu;e;j Clfq;fs; ,yq;ifapYk;> jkpou; Gyk; ngau;e;J thOfpd;w ehLfspYk; ,y;yhky; ,y;iy. ,it kpfr; rpwpa mstpNyNa ,Ue;jd> ,Uf;fpd;wd. Gypfspd; gzgyk;> MAj rz;bj;jdj;jpw;F kj;jpapy; ,tu;fshy; ngupa mstpy; nraw;gl;L <oj;J cz;ik epyikfis gue;Jgl;l kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L nry;y Kbatpy;iy vd;gJTk; cz;ikNa. $lNt mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; muRfs; Clfq;fs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLk; ,r; nraw;ghLfis kl;Lg;gLj;jpNa te;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,tu;fspy; rpyu; Gypfs; kw;Wk; mur kpul;ly;fSf;F ‘gae;J’ jkJ FLk;gk;> Foe;ij> Fl;bfis epide;J jkJ Clfr; nraw;ghLfis nksdpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

<oehL gj;jpupifahdJ jpU. rghuj;jpdk; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;j fhy fl;lj;jpYk;> jpdfud; gj;jpupifahdJ ngUk;ghd;ikahd (rpwg;ghf re;jpupfh mk;ikahupd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; cl;gl) fhy fl;lq;fspYk; gj;jpupifj; ju;kj;ij epiyehl;b rupahd nra;jpfis ntspapl;L te;jd. mJTk; <oehL gj;jpupiff;F gy neUf;Fthuk; Jg;ghf;fpfspdhy; Vw;gl;lNghJk; mtw;iw ‘je;jpNuhgha eilKiw’ Clhf Kfk; nfhLj;J gj;jpupifia ntspf; nfhzu;e;jdu;; vd;gJ 1980 fspy; mq;fpUe;jtu;fSf;F ed;F njupAk;.

,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk;> Gyk; ngau; ehLfspy; gy;NtW kpul;ly;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; kpfr; rpy gj;jpupiffNs rupahd epiyg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; cz;ikr; nra;jpfis ntspf; nfhzu;tjpy; jq;fs; ,aYikf;F cl;gl;L nraw;gl;L te;jd.. mtu;fs; ahu; ahu; vd;gJ tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfspy; cs;sd. vd;Nwh xUehs; mtu;fs; kf;fs; kd;wq;fspy;; nfsutpf;fg;gLthu;fs;> nfsutpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW r%f eyk; rhu;e;J nraw;gl;l Clfthsh;fs; gyh; kuzj;ij jOtpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;;. mtu;fis ehk; ,t;tplj;jpy; jiy tzq;fp epidT $Ufpd;Nwhk;.

kw;iwagb Gyk; ngau; ehLfspy; ntspte;j ngUk;ghd;ikahd gj;jpupiffs; ahUf;Nfh rhkuk; tPRtJ vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L KO kf;fisAk; gpioahd jpir topr; rpe;jidapy; rha;j;Jr; nrd;w ‘mUq;fupaj;ij’ nra;jJjhd; cz;ik epiy. ,jw;F ve;j tifapYk; ehk; risj;jtu;fs; ,y;iy vd;gJ Nghy; nraw;gl;ltu;fs;  jkpo; thndhyp> njhiyf; fhl;rpahsu;fs;. ,t; Clfq;fspd; nra;jpfisNa ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fs; nrd;wilaf; $ba epyikfs; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. ,t; xU gf;f jpupGr; nra;jpfspdhy; jkpo; kf;fs; xU gf;fj;jpw;F rha;j;;J nry;yg;gl;lJ <otpLiyg; Nghuhl;lk; rk;ke;jkhd fs> js cz;ik epyikfis mtu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbahky; NghdJ. ,jdhy; rhjhuz kf;fs; jhq;fs; ek;gpa jiyth;fs; gpioahdth;fs; vd;gijf; fhz Kbahkw; fz; kiwf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. me;jg; gpioahd jiyikfs; nra;j gpioahd nraw;ghLfisAk; njhpe;Njh njhpahkNyh Mjupg;gth;fs; Mdhh;fs;;.

nfhiy vd;gJTk;> Aj;jk; vd;gJTk;> kuzk; vd;gJTk;> mopTfs; vd;gJTk; r%fj;Jf;Nf Ntz;lg;gl;lit vd ek;gpdhh;fs;. Gypfs; Njhw;fg;gl Kbahj rfy gyKk; kpf;fth;fs; vd ek;g itf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.  ,jd; ‘jiytu;’ jdpkdpjdhf epd;W ntw;wpaPl;bj;jUk; xU ‘khahtp’> rfy ty;yikAk; nghUe;jpa mRud;. ,jdhy;> gzj;ij XLk; Fjpiuapy; fl;Ltijg; Nghy; Gypfsplk; fl;btpl;lhy; ntspapy; epd;W ifjl;bagbNa epd;W vy;yhtw;iwAk;; ntd;W tplyhk; vd;W fdTyfj;jpy; kf;fis jpisf;ftpl;lhh;fs;. ,e;j ‘mUk; ngUk;’ rhjidfis epfo;j;jpath;fs; ,e;j jkpo; Clfthsu;fNs. ,jpy; eifg;Gf;fplkhd tplak;; vd;dntd;why; ,e;j Clfj;Jiwapy; <Lgl;l gyupd; ‘jifikfs;’ Gyp Mjuthsh;fs; vd;w xd;W kl;Lk;jhd;.  cz;ikapy; ahUk; jifikfSld; gpwe;J tUtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mjid mtu;fs; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kida Ntz;Lk;. Clfthsd; vd;gtd; r%fj;Jf;F cz;ik nrhy;;gtdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> r%fg; nghWg;Gzh;r;rp cilatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Gyp MjuT Clfthsh;fs; vg;NghJk; jahuhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. tpsk;guq;fis gj;jpuifapy; epug;gp jkJ ghf;nfw;Wf;Fs; gzj;ij jpzpg;gjpNyNa ,tu;fs; Fwpahf ,Ue;jhh;fNs jtpu jk;ik mwptpay; uPjpahf tsu;njLg;gjpNyh jkJ nrhe;j r%fk; gw;wp mf;fiw nfhs;tjpNyh ,tu;fs; vg;NghJk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ fpilahJ.

Njrpak;> Raepu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL> jhafk; vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L Nghijt];J flj;jy;fhuu;fisAk;> nfhiy nra;gtu;fisAk;> rz;bau;fisAk; rhu;e;J epw;gJ gz tUthiaf; $l;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidiaj; jtpu ,tu;fsplk; NtW VJk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vdNt Jg;ghf;fpr; rz;bau;fSf;F fhtb vLj;J jkJ tpRthrj;ij njuptpj;J kf;fis gpioahd jpir topapy; Va;j;J tpl;l fhl;NlwpfNs ,tu;fs;. Gypfs; ,Ue;j NghJ jhk; gaj;jpd; fhuzkhf mtu;fis Mjupj;J nraw;gLtjhf jkJ neUq;fpa ‘ez;gu;fs;’ ,lk; rhf;F Nghf;F nrhd;dhYk; ,tu;fs; xUtifapy; Nguhir nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jJ kl;Lky;y ,d;ndhU tifapy; ,th;fs; xU khjphpahd ‘kd NehahspfNs’. nrhe;j r%f rNfhjuh;fspd; gLnfhiyfspy;> nrhe;j r%f kf;fspd; mopTfspy; Ra ,d;gk; fz;l NehahspfshfNt ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;;.

re;Njfk; ,Ug;gpd;> Gypfs; khw;W ,af;fq;fis jkJ Jg;ghf;fp ty;yikfshy; nfhd;W Ftpj;J xLf;fpaNghJk;> fUzh FOtpdh; Gypfspd; jiyikAldhd Kuz;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf Gypfis tpl;L tpyj;jpr; nrd;wNghJk; ,e;jg; Gyp MjuTg; gj;jpupiffs;> thndhypfs;> njhiyf;fhl;rpfs; ntspapl;l nra;jpfSk;> fye;Jiuahly;fSk;> me;jf; fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lgl;lth;fs;; ‘jiytu; vg;gbAk; Kbr;Rg; NghLthu;’ vd ntspg;gLj;jpa nfhiyntwpf; fUj;Jf;fis ‘newpg;gLj;jpa’ tpjq;fisAk; kPz;Lk; cq;fs; epidtiyfspy; nfhz;L te;J ghUq;fs; mg;NghJ GupAk; cz;ik epiy vd;dntd;W. Vd; ,g;gTk; $l ‘rpq;fstidf; nfhy;y rpq;fsf; fpuhkq;fspy; Fz;L itf;f Ntz;Lk;’ ‘,e;jpahit Jz;L Jz;lhf cilf;f Ntz;Lk;’ Nghd;w Gyp MjuTf; fUj;Jf;fSf;F vz;iz Cw;wp Cf;fptpg;gJ ,th;fspd; thndhypfspYk; gj;jpupiffspYk; ntF ‘tPr;rhf’ eilngw;Wf; nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,d;W Gypfspd; MAjr; nraw;ghLfs; ,y;yhJ xopf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; kPz;Lk; ‘gioa FUb fjitj; jpwtb’ vd;w ghzpapy; (Nk 18 ,y; ,Ue;J rpwpJ fhyk; mlq;fpg; Ngha; ,Ue;Jtpl;L kPz;Lk; jiyiaj; J}f;fp Muk;gpj;jpUf;Fk; gj;jpupiffs; cl;gl) jpupGr; nra;jpfisAk;> ngha;fisAk; kPz;Lk; ms;sp tPr Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,d;Dk; xU jiy Kiw jkpo; kf;fisahtJ jiynaLf;f tplhky; ehrkhf;fp tpLtJ vdf; fq;fzk; fl;b nraw;glg; Gwg;gl;L tpl;lhu;fs; vd;gjhfNt vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

NghJk; ,t;tsT fhyKk; ePq;fs; vq;fs; r%fj;jpw;F nra;j ‘Nritfs;’. ,dpNkyhtJ vkJ kf;fis mtu;fspd; Rarpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; rupahdtw;iw Njl mDkjpAq;fs;. ePq;fs; ntsp ehLfspy; fhg;GWjp cl;gl rfy trjpfSlDk; FLk;g rNkju;fshf ,Ue;J nfhz;L vkJ r%fj;f;F eatQ;rkhd nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;ahjPu;fs;. Ks;Sf; fk;gpfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; epw;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk;> vk; Cupy; jkJ vjpu;fhyj;ij fl;baikf;f Kad;W nfhz;bUf;Fk; kf;fisAk; mtu;fs; epk;kjpahf tho top tpLq;fs;.

mJ Nghy Gyk; ngau; ehLfspy; gdpapYk;> FspupYk;; ,uTk;> gfYk;; fl;llq;fSf;;F cs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk;; Xa;T xopr;ry; ,d;wp ciof;Fk; kf;fspd; kf;fspd; ciog;ig cWQ;Rk; ml;ilf; Nfhyq;fis tpl;L tpLq;fs; mtu;fs; ghtk; mg;ghtpfs; mtu;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; rpwpa Xa;T Neuq;fisf; $l tplhky; mth;fspd; kPJ gpioahd jfty;fis jpzpj;J njhlu;e;Jk; %isr;ryit nra;ahjPu;fs;. cq;fsJ Ruz;ly; gpiog;gpw;fhf xU ,dj;ij> r%fj;ij gL Fopapy; js;shjPu;fs;. Vw;fdNt xU jiyKiwapd; tho;it mopj;J tpl;Bh;fs; me;jg; ghtj;jpw;Nf cq;fshy; gupfhuk; nra;a Kbatpy;iy> gjpy; nrhy;y Kbatpy;iy. kPz;Lk; mNj ghtr; nray;fisj; njhluhjPh;fs;;.

1960 fspy; mnkupf;f - tpal;ehk; Nghupy; mnkupf;fhtpd; Neghk; (Napalm) vupFz;Lj; jhf;Fjiy ru;t Njrj;jpw;F mk;gyg;gLj;jp ru;t Njr kf;fis kl;Lky;yhJ mnkupf;f kf;fisNa jdJ murpw;F vjpuhf Nghuhl itj;j ngUik Clfq;fisNa rhUk;. ,jd; njhlu;rpahf tpal;ehk; kf;fspd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wpaile;jij ehk; ahtUk; mwpNthk;. ,Nj Nghy; 1880 fspy; vyprgj; N[d; Nfhrud; vd;w ‘epA+ahu;f; ntu;y;l;’ gj;jpupifapd; ngz; epUgu; kdey fhg;gfj;jpy; epfOk; nfhLikfis mk;gyg;gLj;j igj;jpaf;fhup Ntlkpl;L kdeyf; fhg;gfj;jpw;Fs; 10 ehl;fs; milgl;L rfy Jd;gq;fisAk; mDgtpj;J fple;jhu;. Mk;. cz;ikfis fz;lwpa-me;j ngz; epUgu; jd;idNa igj;jpaf;fhupahf;fpf; nfhz;L fhg;gfj;jpy; milg;gl;L cijgl;L uj;jk; rpe;jp cz;ikfis ntspf;nfhzu;e;jhs;. “igj;jpaf;fhu tPl;by; gj;Jehl;fs;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; me;j nfh^u mDgtq;fis Gj;jfkhf ntspapl;lhu;.

Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; Gul;rpapd; NghJk;> rPdg; gul;rpapd; NghJk;> tpal;ehk;> fpA+gh Gul;rpapd; NghJk; Clfq;fs; Mw;wpa kfj;jhd> rupahd gq;fspg;Gfs; mg; Gul;rpfs; ntw;wpiltjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jd. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; fhy fl;lj;jpy; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fspd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy Ntz;bg; Nghupl;l ehLfspYk; kf;fis If;fpag;gLj;jp Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf gykpf;f Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;j Clfq;fs; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpd. ,q;nfy;yhk; Clfq;fs; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F grisahfTk; Cl;lr;rj;jhfTk; mike;jd. Mdhy; <o tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghrprj;jpd; tsu;r;rpr;Fk;> NghuhLtjw;fhd [dehaf chpikfis kWj;jijAk; Gfo;ghb vz;iz Cw;wp tsu;j;jitjhd; jkpo; Clfq;fs;. ,JNt Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gytPd epyikia Vw;gLj;jp ,Wjpapy; “jhDk; mope;J jd;id ek;gpa kf;fisAk; jil Kfhq;fSf;fs; milj;J tpl;lJ”. Mdhy; Nghupd; KbthdJ [dehafj;jpd; xU thapy; fjitj; jpwe;J tpl;lJ vd;gNj cz;ik..

,J Nghd;w gy ey;y cjhuzq;fis ehk; cs;thq;fp nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;;. khwhf kuzpj;jtiu ifapy; gj;jpupif nfhLj;J etPd Gifg;gl njhopy; tpj;ij %yk; Vkhw;W tpj;ij nra;J gpd;G mk;gyg;gl;Lg; Nghd epfo;Tfs; rpy jkpo; Clfq;fspd; kPjhd ek;gpf;iffisj; jtp;L; nghbahf;fptpl;ld. ,J Nghd;w epiyik midj;J jkpo; Clfq;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;Ltplf;$lhJ. jkpoPo tpLiyg;Gypfspd;; MjuT Clfq;fs; gy ,d;dKk; gioa mopTg; ghijapy; ,Ue;J tpLgLgitahf ,y;iy. njhlh;e;Jk; mNj jtWfisNa nra;JtUfpd;wd. ,jdhNyNa jkpo; kf;fSf;F vjpuhd ,yq;if murgilfspd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa cz;ikahd jfty;fisf; $l ru;t Njrq;fs; gy re;ju;gq;fspy; ek;Gk; epiy Vw;gltpy;iy vd;w Ju;g;;ghf;fpa epyik Vw;gl;bUe;jJ>  rdy; 4 ,d; xspg;gjpT ehlhtpd; fhl;rpfs; fz;L cyfNk jpifj;jJ. Mdhy; mNj Ntfj;jpy; mjd; cz;ikj; jd;ik Nfs;tpf;FwpahdJ.

vjph;fhyj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fspd; cupikfs; njhlh;ghd Nfhhpf;iffspd;; cz;ikj; jd;ik gw;wp ru;t Njr r%fq;fspd; kj;jpapy; re;Njfk; vOk; epiyikia jkpo; Clfq;fs; cUthf;fp tplf;$lhJ vd;gNj vkJ mf;fiwahFk;. Xeha; Xeha; vd;W ngha;ahff; fj;jp mayth;fis xU rpW ,ilad; gy jlit Vkhw;wp te;jjhy; filrpahf Xeha; cz;ikapy; te;jNghJ mtd; fj;jpaij mayth;fs; ngha;nad epidj;jjhy; MLfs; mepahakhf Xeha;f;Fg; gypahdij jkpo; Clfthsh;fSk; jkpo; Gj;jp[PtpfSk;; kwe;J nraw;glf; $lhJ vd;gNj vkJ Vf;fkhFk;. cz;ikahd nra;jpfs;> tpguq;fs; kf;fSf;Fj; NjitNa. vOj;ij tpgr;rhu tpahghukhf;Ftjw;Nf ngha;Ak; Gul;Lk; nghWg;gw;w Giday;fSk; gad;gLk;. jkpo; Clfthsh;fs; ,dpNkyhtJ r%f gpuf;;iQAld; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(rhfud;) (Ig;grp 01> 2009)